Tuesday, July 3, 2007

Johannes Rach 1720-1783

Purchased : 29 September 2004 -Price : Rp. 179,000- Author : Editor Hernandono & Professor Dr. J.P. Sigmond -Pages : iv+110
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About Johannes Rach
Johannes Rach was born in 1720 in Copenhagen, Denmark as the son of an innkeeper. After training with the Danish court painter Wickman, Rach worked as a painter/draughtsman in Russia, Sweden and at the Danish Court. Apart from topographical drawings he made perspectives and still life paintings. In the early 1750's Rach moved to the Netherlands. He worked as painter in Haarlem. In April 1756 he married Maria Wilhelmina Valenzijn. The following year his daughter Christina Maria was born. Probably because his career in Holland was not satisfactory, Rach left for Asia in 1762 to serve as gunner with the Dutch East India Company (VOC). His wife and daughter stayed behind in Amsterdam. During his strip he made some topographical drawings, among others at the Cape of Good Hope.
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In Batavia now Jakarta Rach made a career in the military hierarchy. At the same time he made progress as an artist of topographical views. The local elite ordered drawing of their country houses outside Batavia. Other patrons ordered street scenes and pastoral views. To cope with these commissions Rach recruited assistants who worked in his style. These, most often unknown, assistants are probably responsible for the many drawings made in Java. Rach and his studio perpetuated the city of Batavia as it looked in the second half of the 18th century. Besides that his drawings depict the surroundings of Batavia, Buitenczorg (Bogor), the north Javanese coastal cities, some cities on Sri lanka and other VOC settlements elsewhere in Asia.
***
Although Rach worked as a painter in his native Denmark and in Holland he seems to have made only wash drawings in Batavia. The drawings were made on good quality paper imported from Holland with a brush, Chinese ink and water. Unlike most of the artists working for him, Rach put his drawings directly on paper without preliminary sketches but using auxiliary lawns to construct a perspective. He had a particular gift for rendering architecture in the harsh tropical light of early mornings in Batavia. The figures and scenes with which he furnished his drawings seem to have been added in the last stage, sometimes evidently to reinforce the composition.
***
Johannes Rach died on August 4, 1783 in Batavia, in his house at the Roea Malakka, still called Roa Malacca today. There he kept a household in conformity with his position in society including a large staff of domestic slaves, carriages and horses. When he died, he left a considerable inheritance to his wife and daughter in Amsterdam. Rach was buried at the graveyard of the Dutch Church at present Taman Fatahillah. Though a member of the Reformed Church, Johannes Rach asked for the Lutheran minister and fellow draughtsman Jan Brandes at his death bed. In Rach’s time, Lutheran and reformed churches were two different Protestant religions. Originally from Denmark, where Lutheran was the dominant religion, Rach would have been raised a Lutheran. When Rach arrived in Batavia in 1762, the reformed church was still the official and leading religion. The Lutheran church had only recently been allowed (the first Lutheran arrived in 1746). As career opportunities for members of the reformed church were better, newcomers used to join the Dutch reformed church, even when they were from another religion. Rach would have done so, indicating he considered career more important than religion, at least in life.
***
It is one of the few aspects we know of Rach himself. An other personal quality, which can be deduced from the coercion, is his commercial skill. Rach used his notable position in society to sell large quantities of his drawings. Seen from the many copies of the same views, he had organised some sort of standard production. The standard views could be adapted, with decorations or colors, according to the wishes of the person who ordered the. Another thing we can derive from thus drawings, is a certain sense oh humor. His drawings often contain caricature situations, which must have been considered funny at that time, such as a urinating soldier or a vomiting sailor. Little more is known about Rach’s personal life, let alone about his personality. Rach was not the only draughtsman working in Asia in this period. Several other artists, often in the service of the VOC, are known to have depicted the exotic world the Western newcomers found in Asia. Several fellow draughtsman, such as Robert Jacob Gordon (1743-1795), Frederik Reimer (1796) and the aforementioned Jan Brandes (1743-1808), Rach personally knew or could have known.
***
The project "Johannes Rach 1720-1783"A cooperation on mutual heritage
The National Library of Indonesia in Jakarta and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam have been in consultation since 1995 over their common heritage: the drawings of Johannes Rach (1720-1783). The National Library in Jakarta owns the largest and most important collection: 202 drawings. The Rijksmuseum owns 40 drawings. The two parties studied the possibility of temporarily reuniting Erasmushuis in Jakarta was prepared to support the united initiatives of the National Library of Indonesia and the Rijksmuseum. It was expected that an exhibition together with a publication would attract considerable attention not only in Indonesia and the Netherlands but also in Japan, Singapore, South Africa and Great Britain.
***During conversation in 1997 the parties involved recognized that conservation of the Indonesian collection had the first priority. A plan was set up to accomplish the restoration within an Indonesian-Dutch cooperative conservation project. This project also aimed at the exchange of mutual knowledge and experience. In 1999 the Rach-project was started when HGIS, an organization set up by the Netherlands Department of Foreign Affairs, granted funds to execute the plans as formulated in earlier years. On November 12 1999, the National Library of Indonesia and Rijksmuseum signed a Memorandum of Mutual Understanding (M.O.U.).
***
In January of the year 2000, Mr Peter Poldervaart, the chief restorer of paper work from the Rijksmuseum, undertook, in close cooperation with expert from the National Library, restoration and conservation of the Rach collection. The restoration was finished in April. In the next year the collection was registrated and photographed. In 2002 part of the Rach-collection in the National Library will travel to Europe to be exhibited in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. The Rach-drawings are likely to travel to Copenhagen too, the original hometown of Johannes Rach.
***
Now the Rach-project is concluded by this catalogue which is published on the occasion of a One day Seminar "Johannes Rach" in the National Library and the opening of an accompanying exhibition. This book was produced with many efforts and in good harmony by the staff of two befriended institutions from two countries with a long mutual history. We hope the public in Indonesia as well as in the Netherlands and elsewhere will enjoy this result of our fruitful cooperation!

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